amakuru

Mu nganda zikora imiti, hari ibicuruzwa bibiri bifite amazina asa cyane, aribyo aside glyoxylic na aside glycolike. Abantu akenshi ntibashobora kubatandukanya. Uyu munsi, reka turebere hamwe ibyo bicuruzwa byombi hamwe. Acide Glyoxylic na aside glycolike ni ibice bibiri kama kama hamwe nibitandukaniro rikomeye mumiterere n'imiterere. Itandukaniro ryabo ahanini rishingiye kumiterere ya molekile, imiterere yimiti, imiterere yumubiri nibisabwa, nkibi bikurikira:

Imiterere ya molekulire hamwe nibigize biratandukanye

Iri ni ryo tandukaniro ryibanze hagati yibi byombi, bigena neza itandukaniro mubindi bintu.

Acide Glyoxylic

CAS 298-12-4, hamwe na formula ya chimique C2H2O3 hamwe na formulaire yuburyo HOOC-CHO, ikubiyemo amatsinda abiri akora - itsinda rya carboxyl (-COOH) nitsinda rya aldehyde (-CHO), kandi ni mubyiciro bya aside ya aldehyde.

Acide glycolike

CAS 79-14-1, hamwe na formula ya chimique C2H4O3 hamwe na formulaire yuburyo HOOC-CH2OH, ikubiyemo amatsinda abiri akora - itsinda rya carboxyl (-COOH) nitsinda rya hydroxyl (-OH), kandi ni mubyiciro bya α -hydroxy acide yibintu.

Imiterere ya molekuline yibi byombi itandukana na atome ebyiri za hydrogène (H2), kandi itandukaniro mumatsinda ikora (itsinda rya aldehyde na hydroxyl group) niryo tandukaniro ryibanze.

Imiti itandukanye

Itandukaniro mumatsinda ikora riganisha kumiterere yimiti itandukanye hagati yibi:

Ibirangaaside aside(kubera ko hari amatsinda ya aldehyde):

Ifite imbaraga zikomeye zo kugabanya: itsinda rya aldehyde ryoroshye okiside kandi irashobora gukorerwa indorerwamo ya feza hamwe nigisubizo cya ammonia ya silver, igakora hamwe na hydroxide ihagaritse umuringa wateguwe kugirango ibe imvura itukura-itukura (oxyde ya cuprous), kandi irashobora no guhindurwamo aside ya oxyde na okiside nka potasiyumu permanganate na hydrogen peroxide.

Amatsinda ya Aldehyde arashobora guhura ninyongera: kurugero, barashobora kwitwara hamwe na hydrogène kugirango bakore aside glycolike (ubu ni ubwoko bwimpinduka zombi).

Ibiranga aside glycolike (kubera ko hari amatsinda ya hydroxyl):

Amatsinda ya Hydroxyl ni nucleophilique: arashobora guhura na esterifulaire cyangwa intermolecular esterification reaction hamwe nitsinda rya carboxyl kugirango ibe est est cyclic est est polyester (nka acide polyglycolike, ibikoresho bya polymer byangirika).

Amatsinda ya Hydroxyl arashobora kuba okiside: icyakora, ingorane ya okiside irarenze iy'amatsinda ya aldehyde muri aside ya glyoxylique, kandi hasabwa okiside ikomeye (nka potasiyumu dichromate) kugira ngo ihindure hydroxyl mumatsinda ya aldehyde cyangwa amatsinda ya carboxyl.

Acide ya groupe ya carboxyl: Byombi birimo amatsinda ya carboxyl kandi ni acide. Nyamara, itsinda rya hydroxyl ya acide glycolike igira ingaruka nke zo gutanga electron mumatsinda ya carboxyl, kandi aside irike ifite intege nke ugereranije na acide glycolike (acide glycolike pKa≈3.18, aside glycolike pKa≈3.83).

Imiterere itandukanye

Leta no kwikemurira ibibazo:

Byoroshye gushonga mumazi hamwe na polar organic solvent (nka Ethanol), ariko kubera itandukaniro rya polarike ya polarike, imbaraga zayo ziratandukanye gato (acide glyoxylic ifite polarite ikomeye kandi ikaboneka hejuru mumazi).

Ingingo yo gushonga

Ingingo yo gushonga ya acide glyoxylic igera kuri 98 ℃, naho iya aside glycolike igera kuri 78-79 ℃. Itandukaniro rituruka ku mbaraga za intermolecular (itsinda rya aldehyde ya acide glyoxylic ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukora hydrogène hamwe nitsinda rya carboxyl).

Porogaramu zitandukanye

Acide Glyoxylic

Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu nganda ngengabihe ya synthesis, nka synthesis ya vanillin (flavouring), allantoin (imiti ya farumasi yo guteza imbere gukira ibikomere), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (antibiyotike hagati), nibindi. Ibicuruzwa byita kumisatsi: Nibintu bikonjesha, bifasha gusana imisatsi yangiritse no kongera umusatsi (bigomba guhuzwa nibindi bikoresho kugirango ugabanye uburakari).

Acide glycolike

Nka aside α -hydroxy aside (AHA), ikoreshwa ryibanze cyane cyane mubijyanye no kwita ku ruhu. Ikora nk'ibintu byangiza (mu gushonga ibintu bihuza hagati ya stratum corneum y'uruhu kugirango biteze kumeneka kw'uruhu rwapfuye), bigateza ibibazo nkuruhu rukabije n'ibimenyetso bya acne. Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa no mu nganda z’imyenda (nkumuti wo guhumanya), ibikoresho byogusukura (kugirango ukureho igipimo), no muri synthesis ya plastiki yangirika (acide polyglycolike).

Itandukaniro ryibanze hagati yibi biti biva mumatsinda akora: aside glyoxylique irimo itsinda rya aldehyde (ifite imitungo igabanya imbaraga, ikoreshwa muri synthesis organique), na acide glycolike irimo hydroxyl (irashobora kuba esterifique, ikoreshwa mukwitaho uruhu hamwe nubutaka bwibikoresho). Kuva kumiterere kugeza kuri kamere hanyuma ugashyirwa mubikorwa, byose byerekana itandukaniro rinini kubera iri tandukaniro ryibanze.